Rose Oil

Rose essential oil or liquid gold is a yellow pale essential oil that is extracted from the petals of various types of rose, more than 200 species [1].

In traditional Medicine, the decoction of flowers was used to support pain, healthy menstrual cycles and digestive health. Rose oil has been used as a cardiotonic agent for supporting a healthy heart [2]. Rose water was used as an antiseptic agent for eye cleansing [3], oral antiseptic, and as pain relief, and respiratory health. Rose petals were cooked with sugar or honey and used to cool the mind and body [4].

Two major species of rose are cultivated for the production of rose oil, Rosa damascene and Rosa centifolia [5]. Bulgarian attar, Iranian oil, Indian oil, Chinese oil, and Galbirlik rose oil from Turkey are some of the world-famous rose oil products obtained from Rosa damascene. Of these, Iranian rose oil has a maximum concentration of Citronellol, Geraniol, and Nonadecane [22]. Rose oil has also been used as a bacterial and fungal support oil, as a potent antioxidant support, respiratory health, digestive health, mood support, relaxation and as a calming agent. *

• Rose oil has revealed a wide spectrum of bacterial and fungal supporting properties for some pathogens including Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, Penicillium notatum, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans [6]. *
• ROS produced in foodstuffs during storage is very reactive and can damage the transient chemical species formed in cells [20]. Schieber et al. studied the antioxidant activity of flavonol glycosides extracted from essential oil of R. damascena petals. They concluded that distilled rose petals have antioxidant activity and can be used in food ingredients. Therefore, it is possibly suitable to be used as a safe natural antioxidant with a botanical source in the food industry [21]. *
• Rose oil also enhanced ileum contractions and gastrointestinal motility [7] which was proved in an animal-based study. In addition to conventional medicine, inhalation of the fragrance of rose essential oil by eighty patients with renal colic in the emergency room effectively supported renal colic pain [11]. *
• Inhalation of rose oil showed supportive effects for formaldehyde in the male reproductive system [8]. *
• Some studies have demonstrated its effects on the central nervous system (CNS) including hypnotic, anti-convulsant, mood support, anxious thoughts, analgesic activities as well as alleviation of morph**e withdrawal signs [6]. *
• In Persian Medicine, rose oil has been alleged to have cell-calming, infective and wound supporting activities and has been used for relieving headache, hemorrhoids, cell-calming of gastrointestinal tract, and muscular aches [9, 10] *
• It was found that massage with rose oil reduces the severity of primary dysmenorrhea. Rose oil in combination with other essential oils also showed beneficial effects in reducing menstrual pain and bleeding [12, 13, 14]. *
• Farnia et al., showed that R. damascena oil improves the symptoms of mood and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced erection challenges in 60 male patients who were suffering from the major mood challenges and were being treated with serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced sexual challenges [15]. The effect of rose oil on the improvement of sexual function in male patients was more than that in female patients [16]. Rose oil also increased the release of neurotransmitters in the substantia nigra and inhibited nitric oxide synthase [16]. *
• Igarashi et al., showed that olfactory stimulation by rose oil induces physiological and psychological relaxation effects [17]. Inhalation of rose oil significantly decreases oxy-hemoglobin concentration and activity in the right prefrontal cortex and increases comfortable feeling conditions. Haze et al. (2002) found that inhalation of rose oil decreases relative sympathetic activity as measured by heart rate variability and low-frequency amplitude of systolic blood pressure in healthy adult females [18]. Kheirkhah et al., investigated the efficacy of R. damascena oil in anxiety in the first stage of labor and showed a reduction of anxious thoughts in the active phase [19]. *

The most common chemical compounds present in rose oil are citronellol, geraniol, nerol, linalool, phenyl ethyl alcohol, farnesol, stearoptene, l-pinene, l-pinene, l-terpinene, limonene, p-cymene, camphene, β-caryophyllene, neral, citronellyl acetate, geranyl acetate, neryl acetate, eugenol, methyl eugenol, rose oxide, l-damascenone, l-damascenone, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, rhodinyl acetate and phenyl ethyl formate.
The key flavor compounds that contribute to the distinctive scent of rose oil, however, are beta-damascenone, beta-damascone, beta-ionone, and rose oxide. Beta-damascenone presence and quantity are considered as the marker for the quality of the rose oil. Even though these compounds exist in less than 1% quantity of rose oil, they make up for slightly more than 90% of the odor content due to their low odor detection thresholds.

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